bin - for binary executables. Common commands are found here - ps, ls, ping, grep, cp etc. These are basic programs for proper OS operation.
sbin - same but more about system maintainance like lptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig etc.
etc - configurations for user accounts and programs.
var - files that expected to grow and change contantly. Contains /var/logs for surprise-surprise… wait for it… logs. Wow! 😯
tmp - contains temprory files, which are deleted on system reboot.